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📚International Relations
International Relations9/19/2026

Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act, 2026: India's Energy Security and Strategic Autonomy for UPSC

Signed into law on September 18, 2026, the Graham Act (H.R. 5334) directs secondary tariffs of up to 100% on qualifying major importers of Russian energy under Section 113, while providing rate and waiver flexibility. With Russia supplying approximately 45% of India's crude oil in August 2026, this legislation directly challenges India's strategic autonomy and energy security calculus.

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G-20 (Group of 20) Countries
International Relations12/29/2021

G-20 (Group of 20) Countries

The G20 was founded in 1999 in response to several world economic crises. It is a consultation forum between finance ministers and central bank governors of the world’s major economies. Following the 2008 economic crisis, it became a forum between Heads of State and Government, aimed at improving coordination on the main global issues. G20 [...]

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